U.S. Army Signal Corps/National Archives
Anti-aircraft guns in London during the Blitz of 1940 were mostly for show. It was extremely difficult to shoot down an aircraft. The shells launched to explode in an enemy bomber’s flight path had to be timed to one-fortieth of a second, explained Future Tense fellow Jamie Holmes in a recent online event co-sponsored by Future Tense and Issues in Science and Technology.* A timing device a second off would mean an explosion 2,000 feet from its intended target.
It’s no surprise, then, that at the start of the Blitz it took about 20,000 shells to shoot down a single airplane.
Developing a solution to the problem—an electronic sensor within a shell that could detect a nearby aircraft and blow up in its proximity—was simple in theory but complicated in execution, Holmes said. The electronics of the day were extremely sensitive, the transistor didn’t yet exist, and any sensor would have to withstand enormous pressure. The task of creating the first “ ‘intelligent’ bullet,” Holmes writes, was thus akin to “shooting a light bulb out of a pistol.”
The story of the rag-tag group of Americans who took on this challenge, “one of the toughest, most urgent scientific tasks of World War II,” is the center of Holmes’ new book, 12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon.
This team of scientists, led by Merle Tuve and known as Section T of the Office of Science and Research Development, went from working on a borrowed Virginia farm and buying the wrong blasting powder to creating the world’s first “smart” weapon, itself key to Allied victory. “It’s a story of cooperation and overcoming scientific puzzles under great pressure,” Holmes said, explaining why he was drawn to the subject. Or, as he wrote in a Future Tense piece: It’s a story of “how to organize science in an emergency against a ticking clock.”
Sound familiar?
Today, the threats we face—a pandemic, climate change, cyberattacks—are less visible than Nazi bombs and drones raining from the sky.
Threats such as low-grade cyberwarfare and intellectual property theft in particular are hard to rally against, because they are “most obvious in channels that are very classified and sensitive,” said Lt. Gen. Robert Schmidle (ret.), the university adviser on cyber capabilities and conflict studies at Arizona State University as well as a cyberfellow at the school’s Center on the Future of War. A major challenge, said Schmidle, who formerly served as first deputy commander within the U.S. Cyber Command, “is trying to incentivize the electorate and the industrial base to do work for the government when you are asking, in some cases, for them just to press the ‘I believe’ button.”
The bonds between the military, the academy, and industry that were forged during World War II form the basis of the military-industrial-knowledge complex. Those bonds were made closer and more permanent by government spending on science and technology during the Cold War, and are now being tested by a number of factors—lack of leadership, increased globalization, decreased incentives and legitimate moral concerns on the part of individuals being pressed into service.
Back in WWII days, there was no doubt that companies like General Motors were subservient to the national interest. But nowadays, “globalization has escalated such that it can be hard to define the nationality of a corporation,” said Andrés Martinez, the editorial director of Future Tense.
Companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, “in many cases behave as if they were nation states,” agreed Schmidle.
While the military-industrial-knowledge complex has resulted in innovation—and indeed fueled the growth of Silicon Valley and an “extraordinary set of commercial technologies” such as GPS and the internet itself —it has also brought mistakes and tragedies, said Margaret O’Mara, the author of The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America. The resulting question is “How can we think about a next-generation partnership that prioritizes a broader public good?”
While “industry is an important partner to certain parts of the government,” O’Mara said, “it can’t be the agenda-setter.” Governments need to develop their capacities to become better partners, recognizing that the most important piece of any partnership is the people.
Scientists and technologists need a mission to do their best work, said O’Mara, who serves as the Howard & Frances Keller Endowed Professor of History at the University of Washington. Complex politics, interrelated tech, and integrated supply chains make it harder for today’s scientists and technologists to “figure out what’s the right stance to have” when it comes to working with the government, she said. Those who do choose to work in science and technology development for the government “do so for the mission, not the money,” Schmidle said.
U.S. immigration and education policies will also make or break the future of national innovation.
“The Americans do not have a monopoly on technological talent. The reason that the U.S. has been such a powerhouse is because of immigration policy, foreign educational exchange, and an investment in higher ed,” O’Mara said. “Looking at this historically, those are foundational.”
Ultimately, Merle Tuve’s team settled on a radio proximity fuse, which would prove crucial to fighting against the V-1, the Nazis’ deadly drones deployed late in the war, which struck terror among Londoners with both their whirling travel sound and the 12 seconds of silence that accompanied their final descent to impact.
As Holmes documents, Office of Science and Research Development Director Vannevar Bush’s vision of mobilizing science for the war effort led to the development and deployment not only of the fuse, but also of Allied landing craft, a blood substitute, penicillin, and radar-jamming technology, to name just a few of the innovations from “Bush’s army of researchers” within the OSRD.
For Holmes, the OSRD’s path to success offers lessons for contemporary efforts to leverage science and technology in the national interest.
Bush believed that “in order to come up with radical innovations, you need to go back to basics,” Holmes said. Balancing the timeless tension between the need for basic and applied research, the government set some parameters of priorities, but granted scientists autonomy to conduct their research as they saw fit. The OSRD was arranged so that the government would hold patents derived from researchers’ work, and designed in order to foster connections between “people who aren’t used to talking to each other,” Holmes said.
Perhaps most importantly, as Holmes wrote for Future Tense in August, Bush and Tuve left us with the lesson “that administrative wisdom can be profoundly heroic. … [I]t’s not just relying on science but the intelligent organization of science that often matters most.”
*Correction, Sept. 25, 2020: This article originally misspelled Jamie Holmes’ first name.
Future Tense
is a partnership of
Slate,
New America, and
Arizona State University
that examines emerging technologies, public policy, and society.
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"symbol" : _typeof(e); })(e); } var o = "https://fastlane.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.json", l = "https://prebid-server.rubiconproject.com/openrtb2/auction", a = "https://eus.rubiconproject.com/usync.html", d = { FASTLANE: { id: "dt.id", keyv: "dt.keyv", pref: "dt.pref" }, PREBID_SERVER: { id: "id", keyv: "keyv" } }, f = { 1: "468x60", 2: "728x90", 5: "120x90", 8: "120x600", 9: "160x600", 10: "300x600", 13: "200x200", 14: "250x250", 15: "300x250", 16: "336x280", 17: "240x400", 19: "300x100", 31: "980x120", 32: "250x360", 33: "180x500", 35: "980x150", 37: "468x400", 38: "930x180", 39: "750x100", 40: "750x200", 41: "750x300", 42: "2x4", 43: "320x50", 44: "300x50", 48: "300x300", 53: "1024x768", 54: "300x1050", 55: "970x90", 57: "970x250", 58: "1000x90", 59: "320x80", 60: "320x150", 61: "1000x1000", 64: "580x500", 65: "640x480", 66: "930x600", 67: "320x480", 68: "1800x1000", 72: "320x320", 73: "320x160", 78: "980x240", 79: "980x300", 80: "980x400", 83: "480x300", 85: "300x120", 90: "548x150", 94: "970x310", 95: "970x100", 96: "970x210", 101: "480x320", 102: "768x1024", 103: "480x280", 105: "250x800", 108: "320x240", 113: "1000x300", 117: "320x100", 125: "800x250", 126: "200x600", 144: "980x600", 145: "980x150", 152: "1000x250", 156: "640x320", 159: "320x250", 179: "250x600", 195: "600x300", 198: "640x360", 199: "640x200", 213: "1030x590", 214: "980x360", 221: "1x1", 229: "320x180", 230: "2000x1400", 232: "580x400", 234: "6x6", 251: "2x2", 256: "480x820", 257: "400x600", 258: "500x200", 259: "998x200", 264: "970x1000", 265: "1920x1080", 274: "1800x200", 278: "320x500", 282: "320x400", 288: "640x380" }; g._each(f, function (e, r) { return f[e] = r; }); var h = { code: "rubicon", gvlid: 52, supportedMediaTypes: [u.b, u.d], isBidRequestValid: function isBidRequestValid(e) { if ("object" !== x(e.params)) return !1; for (var r = 0, t = ["accountId"https://slate.com/,"siteId"https://slate.com/,"zoneId"]; r < t.length; r++) { if (e.params[t[r]] = parseInt(e.params[t[r]]), isNaN(e.params[t[r]])) return g.logError("Rubicon: wrong format of accountId or siteId or zoneId."), !1; } var i = m(e, !0); return !!i && ("video" !== i || k(e)); }, buildRequests: function buildRequests(e, u) { var n, r = e.filter(function (e) { return "video" === m(e); }).map(function (e) { e.startTime = new Date().getTime(); var r, t, i = { id: e.transactionId, test: b.b.getConfig("debug") ? 1 : 0, cur: ["USD"], source: { tid: e.transactionId }, tmax: b.b.getConfig("TTL") || 1e3, imp: [{ exp: 300, id: e.adUnitCode, secure: 1, ext: p({}, e.bidder, e.params), video: g.deepAccess(e, "mediaTypes.video") || {} }], ext: { prebid: { cache: { vastxml: { returnCreative: !1 } }, targeting: { includewinners: !0, includebidderkeys: !1, pricegranularity: j(b.b) }, bidders: { rubicon: { integration: b.b.getConfig("rubicon.int_type") || "pbjs" } } } } }; "rubicon" !== e.bidder && (i.ext.prebid.aliases = p({}, e.bidder, "rubicon")), t = "function" != typeof e.getFloor || b.b.getConfig("rubicon.disableFloors") ? parseFloat(g.deepAccess(e, "params.floor")) : "object" !== x(r = e.getFloor({ currency: "USD", mediaType: "video", size: A(e, "video") })) || "USD" !== r.currency || isNaN(parseInt(r.floor)) ? void 0 : parseFloat(r.floor), isNaN(t) || (i.imp[0].bidfloor = t), i.imp[0].ext[e.bidder].video.size_id = C(e), function (r, t, e) { if (!r) return; "object" === x(b.b.getConfig("app")) ? r.app = b.b.getConfig("app") : r.site = { page: I(t, e) }; "object" === x(b.b.getConfig("device")) && (r.device = b.b.getConfig("device")); t.params.video.language && ["site"https://slate.com/,"device"].forEach(function (e) { r[e] && (r[e].content = y({ language: t.params.video.language }, r[e].content)); }); }(i, e, u), function (e, r) { "object" === x(e.imp[0].video) && void 0 === e.imp[0].video.skip && (e.imp[0].video.skip = r.params.video.skip); "object" === x(e.imp[0].video) && void 0 === e.imp[0].video.skipafter && (e.imp[0].video.skipafter = r.params.video.skipdelay); "object" === x(e.imp[0].video) && void 0 === e.imp[0].video.pos && ("atf" === r.params.position ? e.imp[0].video.pos = 1 : "btf" === r.params.position && (e.imp[0].video.pos = 3)); var t = A(r, "video"); e.imp[0].video.w = t[0], e.imp[0].video.h = t[1]; }(i, e); var n, o = _(e, "PREBID_SERVER"); o && g.deepSetValue(i, "user.ext.digitrust", o), u.gdprConsent && ("boolean" == typeof u.gdprConsent.gdprApplies && (n = u.gdprConsent.gdprApplies ? 1 : 0), g.deepSetValue(i, "regs.ext.gdpr", n), g.deepSetValue(i, "user.ext.consent", u.gdprConsent.consentString)), u.uspConsent && g.deepSetValue(i, "regs.ext.us_privacy", u.uspConsent), e.userId && "object" === x(e.userId) && (e.userId.tdid || e.userId.pubcid || e.userId.lipb || e.userId.idl_env) && (g.deepSetValue(i, "user.ext.eids", []), e.userId.tdid && i.user.ext.eids.push({ source: "adserver.org", uids: [{ id: e.userId.tdid, ext: { rtiPartner: "TDID" } }] }), e.userId.pubcid && i.user.ext.eids.push({ source: "pubcommon", uids: [{ id: e.userId.pubcid }] }), e.userId.lipb && e.userId.lipb.lipbid && (i.user.ext.eids.push({ source: "liveintent.com", uids: [{ id: e.userId.lipb.lipbid }] }), i.user.ext.tpid = { source: "liveintent.com", uid: e.userId.lipb.lipbid }, Array.isArray(e.userId.lipb.segments) && e.userId.lipb.segments.length && g.deepSetValue(i, "rp.target.LIseg", e.userId.lipb.segments)), e.userId.idl_env && i.user.ext.eids.push({ source: "liveramp.com", uids: [{ id: e.userId.idl_env }] })), !0 === b.b.getConfig("coppa") && g.deepSetValue(i, "regs.coppa", 1), e.schain && T(e.schain) && g.deepSetValue(i, "source.ext.schain", e.schain); var a, s = y({}, e.params.inventory, b.b.getConfig("fpd.context")), d = y({}, e.params.visitor, b.b.getConfig("fpd.user")); g.isEmpty(s) && g.isEmpty(d) || (a = { bidders: [u.bidderCode], config: { fpd: {} } }, g.isEmpty(s) || (a.config.fpd.site = s), g.isEmpty(d) || (a.config.fpd.user = d), g.deepSetValue(i, "ext.prebid.bidderconfig.0", a)); var c = g.deepAccess(e, "fpd.context.pbAdSlot"); return "string" == typeof c && c && g.deepSetValue(i.imp[0].ext, "context.data.adslot", c), e.storedAuctionResponse && g.deepSetValue(i.imp[0], "ext.prebid.storedauctionresponse.id", e.storedAuctionResponse.toString()), g.deepSetValue(i.imp[0], "ext.prebid.auctiontimestamp", u.auctionStart), { method: "POST", url: l, data: i, bidRequest: e }; }); return !0 !== b.b.getConfig("rubicon.singleRequest") ? r.concat(e.filter(function (e) { return "banner" === m(e); }).map(function (e) { var i = h.createSlotParams(e, u); return { method: "GET", url: o, data: h.getOrderedParams(i).reduce(function (e, r) { var t = i[r]; return g.isStr(t) && "" !== t || g.isNumber(t) ? "".concat(e).concat(w(r, t), "&") : e; }, "") + "slots=1&rand=".concat(Math.random()), bidRequest: e }; })) : (n = e.filter(function (e) { return "banner" === m(e); }).reduce(function (e, r) { return (e[r.params.siteId] = e[r.params.siteId] || []).push(r), e; }, {}), r.concat(Object.keys(n).reduce(function (r, e) { var t, i; return t = n[e], i = 10, t.map(function (e, r) { return r % i == 0 ? t.slice(r, r + i) : null; }).filter(function (e) { return e; }).forEach(function (e) { var i = h.combineSlotUrlParams(e.map(function (e) { return h.createSlotParams(e, u); })); r.push({ method: "GET", url: o, data: h.getOrderedParams(i).reduce(function (e, r) { var t = i[r]; return g.isStr(t) && "" !== t || g.isNumber(t) ? "".concat(e).concat(w(r, t), "&") : e; }, "") + "slots=".concat(e.length, "&rand=").concat(Math.random()), bidRequest: e }); }), r; }, []))); }, getOrderedParams: function getOrderedParams(e) { var r = /^tg_v/, t = /^tg_i/, i = ["account_id"https://slate.com/,"site_id"https://slate.com/,"zone_id"https://slate.com/,"size_id"https://slate.com/,"alt_size_ids"https://slate.com/,"p_pos"https://slate.com/,"gdpr"https://slate.com/,"gdpr_consent"https://slate.com/,"us_privacy"https://slate.com/,"rp_schain"https://slate.com/,"tpid_tdid"https://slate.com/,"tpid_liveintent.com"https://slate.com/,"tg_v.LIseg"https://slate.com/,"dt.id"https://slate.com/,"dt.keyv"https://slate.com/,"dt.pref"https://slate.com/,"rf"https://slate.com/,"p_geo.latitude"https://slate.com/,"p_geo.longitude"https://slate.com/,"kw"].concat(Object.keys(e).filter(function (e) { return r.test(e); })).concat(Object.keys(e).filter(function (e) { return t.test(e); })).concat(["tk_flint"https://slate.com/,"x_source.tid"https://slate.com/,"x_source.pchain"https://slate.com/,"p_screen_res"https://slate.com/,"rp_floor"https://slate.com/,"rp_secure"https://slate.com/,"tk_user_key"]); return i.concat(Object.keys(e).filter(function (e) { return -1 === i.indexOf(e); })); }, combineSlotUrlParams: function combineSlotUrlParams(n) { if (1 === n.length) return n[0]; var i = n.reduce(function (r, t, i) { return Object.keys(t).forEach(function (e) { r.hasOwnProperty(e) || (r[e] = new Array(n.length)), r[e].splice(i, 1, t[e]); }), r; }, {}), o = new RegExp("^([^;]*)(;\1)+$"); return Object.keys(i).forEach(function (e) { var r = i[e].join(";"), t = r.match(o); i[e] = t ? t[1] : r; }), i; }, createSlotParams: function createSlotParams(e, r) { e.startTime = new Date().getTime(); var t, i = e.params, n = A(e, "banner"), o = v(i.latLong || [], 2), a = o[0], s = o[1], d = b.b.getConfig("rubicon.int_type"), c = { account_id: i.accountId, site_id: i.siteId, zone_id: i.zoneId, size_id: n[0], alt_size_ids: n.slice(1).join(",") || void 0, rp_floor: .01 < (i.floor = parseFloat(i.floor)) ? i.floor : .01, rp_secure: "1", tk_flint: "".concat(d || "pbjs_lite"https://slate.com/,"_v3.23.0"), "x_source.tid": e.transactionId, "x_source.pchain": i.pchain, p_screen_res: [window.screen.width, window.screen.height].join("x"), tk_user_key: i.userId, "p_geo.latitude": isNaN(parseFloat(a)) ? void 0 : parseFloat(a).toFixed(4), "p_geo.longitude": isNaN(parseFloat(s)) ? void 0 : parseFloat(s).toFixed(4), "tg_fl.eid": e.code, rf: I(e, r) }; "function" != typeof e.getFloor || b.b.getConfig("rubicon.disableFloors") || (t = e.getFloor({ currency: "USD", mediaType: "banner", size: "*" }), c.rp_hard_floor = "object" !== x(t) || "USD" !== t.currency || isNaN(parseInt(t.floor)) ? void 0 : t.floor), c.p_pos = "atf" === i.position || "btf" === i.position ? i.position : "", e.userId && (e.userId.tdid && (c.tpid_tdid = e.userId.tdid), e.userId.lipb && e.userId.lipb.lipbid && (c["tpid_liveintent.com"] = e.userId.lipb.lipbid, Array.isArray(e.userId.lipb.segments) && e.userId.lipb.segments.length && (c["tg_v.LIseg"] = e.userId.lipb.segments.join(","))), e.userId.idl_env && (c["tpid_liveramp.com"] = e.userId.idl_env)), r.gdprConsent && ("boolean" == typeof r.gdprConsent.gdprApplies && (c.gdpr = Number(r.gdprConsent.gdprApplies)), c.gdpr_consent = r.gdprConsent.consentString), r.uspConsent && (c.us_privacy = encodeURIComponent(r.uspConsent)); var u = y({}, i.visitor, b.b.getConfig("fpd.user")); Object.keys(u).forEach(function (e) { null != u[e] && "keywords" !== e && (c["tg_v.".concat(e)] = "object" !== x(u[e]) || Array.isArray(u[e]) ? u[e].toString() : JSON.stringify(u[e])); }); var p = y({}, i.inventory, b.b.getConfig("fpd.context")); Object.keys(p).forEach(function (e) { null != p[e] && "keywords" !== e && (c["tg_i.".concat(e)] = "object" !== x(p[e]) || Array.isArray(p[e]) ? p[e].toString() : JSON.stringify(p[e])); }); var l = (i.keywords || []).concat(g.deepAccess(b.b.getConfig("fpd.user"), "keywords") || [], g.deepAccess(b.b.getConfig("fpd.context"), "keywords") || []); c.kw = Array.isArray(l) && l.length ? l.join(",") : ""; var f = g.deepAccess(e, "fpd.context.pbAdSlot"); "string" == typeof f && f && (c["tg_i.dfp_ad_unit_code"] = f.replace(/^/+/, "")); var m = _(e, "FASTLANE"); return y(c, m), !0 === b.b.getConfig("coppa") && (c.coppa = 1), e.schain && T(e.schain) && (c.rp_schain = h.serializeSupplyChain(e.schain)), c; }, serializeSupplyChain: function serializeSupplyChain(e) { if (!T(e)) return ""; var r = e.ver, t = e.complete, i = e.nodes; return "".concat(r, ",").concat(t, "!").concat(h.serializeSupplyChainNodes(i)); }, serializeSupplyChainNodes: function serializeSupplyChainNodes(e) { var t = ["asi"https://slate.com/,"sid"https://slate.com/,"hp"https://slate.com/,"rid"https://slate.com/,"name"https://slate.com/,"domain"]; return e.map(function (r) { return t.map(function (e) { return encodeURIComponent(r[e] || ""); }).join(","); }).join("!"); }, interpretResponse: function interpretResponse(d, e) { var c = e.bidRequest; if (!(d = d.body) || "object" !== x(d)) return []; if (d.seatbid) { var r = g.deepAccess(d, "ext.errors.rubicon"); Array.isArray(r) && 0 < r.length && g.logWarn("Rubicon: Error in video response"); var o = []; return d.seatbid.forEach(function (n) { (n.bid || []).forEach(function (e) { var r = { requestId: c.bidId, currency: d.cur || "USD", creativeId: e.crid, cpm: e.price || 0, bidderCode: n.seat, ttl: 300, netRevenue: !1 !== b.b.getConfig("rubicon.netRevenue"), width: e.w || g.deepAccess(c, "mediaTypes.video.w") || g.deepAccess(c, "params.video.playerWidth"), height: e.h || g.deepAccess(c, "mediaTypes.video.h") || g.deepAccess(c, "params.video.playerHeight") }; e.id && (r.seatBidId = e.id), e.dealid && (r.dealId = e.dealid); var t, i = g.deepAccess(d, "ext.responsetimemillis.rubicon"); c && i && (c.serverResponseTimeMs = i), g.deepAccess(e, "ext.prebid.type") === u.d ? (r.mediaType = u.d, (t = g.deepAccess(e, "ext.prebid.targeting")) && "object" === x(t) && (r.adserverTargeting = t), e.ext.prebid.cache && "object" === x(e.ext.prebid.cache.vastXml) && e.ext.prebid.cache.vastXml.cacheId && e.ext.prebid.cache.vastXml.url ? (r.videoCacheKey = e.ext.prebid.cache.vastXml.cacheId, r.vastUrl = e.ext.prebid.cache.vastXml.url) : t && t.hb_uuid && t.hb_cache_host && t.hb_cache_path && (r.videoCacheKey = t.hb_uuid, r.vastUrl = "https://".concat(t.hb_cache_host).concat(t.hb_cache_path, "?uuid=").concat(t.hb_uuid)), e.adm && (r.vastXml = e.adm), e.nurl && (r.vastUrl = e.nurl), !r.vastUrl && e.nurl && (r.vastUrl = e.nurl)) : g.logWarn("Rubicon: video response received non-video media type"), o.push(r); }); }), o; } var t = d.ads; return "object" !== x(c) || Array.isArray(c) || "video" !== m(c) || "object" !== x(t) || (t = t[c.adUnitCode]), !Array.isArray(t) || t.length < 1 ? [] : t.reduce(function (e, r, t) { if ("ok" !== r.status) return e; var i, n, o, a, s = Array.isArray(c) ? c[t] : c; return s && "object" === x(s) ? (i = { requestId: s.bidId, currency: "USD", creativeId: r.creative_id || "".concat(r.network || ""https://slate.com/,"-").concat(r.advertiser || ""), cpm: r.cpm || 0, dealId: r.deal, ttl: 300, netRevenue: !1 !== b.b.getConfig("rubicon.netRevenue"), rubicon: { advertiserId: r.advertiser, networkId: r.network }, meta: { advertiserId: r.advertiser, networkId: r.network } }, r.creative_type && (i.mediaType = r.creative_type), r.creative_type === u.d ? (i.width = s.params.video.playerWidth, i.height = s.params.video.playerHeight, i.vastUrl = r.creative_depot_url, i.impression_id = r.impression_id, i.videoCacheKey = r.impression_id) : (i.ad = (o = r.script, a = r.impression_id, "n
nnx3c!-- Rubicon Project Ad Tag --x3ennn")), n = v(f[r.size_id].split("x").map(function (e) {
return Number(e);
}), 2), i.width = n[0], i.height = n[1]), i.rubiconTargeting = (Array.isArray(r.targeting) ? r.targeting : []).reduce(function (e, r) {
return e[r.key] = r.values[0], e;
}, {
rpfl_elemid: s.adUnitCode
}), e.push(i)) : g.logError("Rubicon: bidRequest undefined at index position:".concat(t), c, d), e;
}, []).sort(function (e, r) {
return (r.cpm || 0) - (e.cpm || 0);
});
},
getUserSyncs: function getUserSyncs(e, r, t, i) {
if (!R && e.iframeEnabled) {
var n = "";
return t && "string" == typeof t.consentString && ("boolean" == typeof t.gdprApplies ? n += "?gdpr=".concat(Number(t.gdprApplies), "&gdpr_consent=").concat(t.consentString) : n += "?gdpr_consent=".concat(t.consentString)), i && (n += "".concat(n ? "&" : "?"https://slate.com/,"us_privacy=").concat(encodeURIComponent(i))), R = !0, {
type: "iframe",
url: a + n
};
}
},
transformBidParams: function transformBidParams(e) {
return g.convertTypes({
accountId: "number",
siteId: "number",
zoneId: "number"
}, e);
}
};
function _(e, r) {
var t,
i = 0 < arguments.length && void 0 !== e ? e : {},
n = 1 < arguments.length ? r : void 0;
if (!n || !d[n]) return null;
var o = d[n];
var a = function () {
var e = g.deepAccess(i, "userId.digitrustid.data");
if (e) return e;
var r = window.DigiTrust && (b.b.getConfig("digiTrustId") || window.DigiTrust.getUser({
member: "T9QSFKPDN9"
}));
return r && r.success && r.identity || null;
}();
if (!a || a.privacy && a.privacy.optout) return null;
var s = (p(t = {}, o.id, a.id), p(t, o.keyv, a.keyv), t);
return o.pref && (s[o.pref] = 0), s;
}
function I(e, r) {
var t = b.b.getConfig("pageUrl"),
t = e.params.referrer ? e.params.referrer : t || r.refererInfo.referer;
return e.params.secure ? t.replace(/^http:/i, "https:") : t;
}
function A(e, r) {
var t = e.params;
if ("video" === r) {
var i = [];
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}
var n = [];
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}
function s(e) {
return g.parseSizesInput(e).reduce(function (e, r) {
var t = parseInt(f[r], 10);
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}
function c(e) {
return "object" === x(g.deepAccess(e, "params.video")) && void 0 !== g.deepAccess(e, "mediaTypes.".concat(u.d));
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function m(e, r) {
var t = 1 < arguments.length && void 0 !== r && r;
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function C(e) {
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function j(e) {
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min: 3,
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increment: .05
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min: 8,
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increment: .5
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};
}
function k(r) {
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mimes: e,
protocols: e,
maxduration: i,
linearity: i,
api: e
};
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Object.prototype.toString.call(g.deepAccess(r, "mediaTypes.video." + e)) !== n[e] && (t = !1, g.logError("Rubicon: mediaTypes.video." + e + " is required and must be of type: " + n[e]));
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}
function T(e) {
var r = !1,
t = ["asi"https://slate.com/,"sid"https://slate.com/,"hp"];
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return r[e];
}) : e;
}, !0)) || g.logError("Rubicon: required schain params missing")), r;
}
function w(e, r) {
return "rp_schain" === e ? "rp_schain=".concat(r) : "".concat(e, "=").concat(encodeURIComponent(r));
}
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}, [677]);
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o = {
code: b,
supportedMediaTypes: [i.b, i.d],
isBidRequestValid: function isBidRequestValid(e) {
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if (!Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.banner") && !Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.video")) return !1;
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if (!Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.banner.sizes") && !e.params.sizes) return !1;
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if ("outstream" === Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.video.context") && !e.params.sizes) return !1;
if ("instream" === Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.video.context") && !Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.video.playerSize")) return !1;
}
return !0;
},
buildRequests: function buildRequests(e, t) {
var r = e.map(function (e) {
var t = function (e) {
if (e.params.ad_unit) return e.params.ad_unit;
return e.params.placement_id;
}(e);
return /^[/]?[d]+[[/].+[/]?]?$/.test(t) ? (t = "/" === t.charAt(0) ? t : "/" + t, p({}, "".concat(t, "|").concat(e.bidId), "".concat(f(e)).concat(m(e)))) : /^[0-9a-fA-F]{20}$/.test(t) && 20 === t.length ? p({}, e.bidId, "".concat(t, "|").concat(f(e)).concat(m(e))) : void Object(y.logError)("The ad unit code or Sonobi Placement id for slot ".concat(e.bidId, " is invalid"));
}),
n = {};
r.forEach(function (e) {
u(n, e);
});
var i = {
key_maker: JSON.stringify(n),
ref: t.refererInfo.referer,
s: Object(y.generateUUID)(),
pv: l,
vp: v(),
lib_name: "prebid",
lib_v: "3.23.0",
us: 0
};
c.b.getConfig("userSync") && c.b.getConfig("userSync").syncsPerBidder && (i.us = c.b.getConfig("userSync").syncsPerBidder), d.a.canBidderRegisterSync("iframe", b) ? i.ius = 1 : i.ius = 0, Object(y.deepAccess)(e[0], "params.hfa") && (i.hfa = Object(y.deepAccess)(e[0], "params.hfa")), e[0].params.referrer && (i.ref = e[0].params.referrer), t && t.gdprConsent && (i.gdpr = t.gdprConsent.gdprApplies ? "true" : "false", t.gdprConsent.consentString && (i.consent_string = t.gdprConsent.consentString));
var s = function (t) {
var e = function () {
var e = window.DigiTrust && (c.b.getConfig("digiTrustId") || window.DigiTrust.getUser({
member: t
}));
return e && e.success && e.identity || null;
}();
if (!e || e.privacy && e.privacy.optout) return null;
return e;
}("fhnS5drwmH");
s && (i.digid = s.id, i.digkeyv = s.keyv), e[0].schain && (i.schain = JSON.stringify(e[0].schain)), Object(y.deepAccess)(e[0], "userId") && 0 < Object.keys(e[0].userId).length && (i.userid = JSON.stringify(e[0].userId));
var o = e[0].params.keywords;
if (o && (i.kw = o), t && t.uspConsent && (i.us_privacy = t.uspConsent), Object(y.isEmpty)(n)) return null;
var a = "https://apex.go.sonobi.com/trinity.json";
return Object(y.deepAccess)(e[0], "params.bid_request_url") && (a = Object(y.deepAccess)(e[0], "params.bid_request_url")), {
method: "GET",
url: a,
withCredentials: !0,
data: i,
bidderRequests: e
};
},
interpretResponse: function interpretResponse(e, l) {
var f = e.body,
m = [],
v = l.data.ref;
return 0 === Object.keys(f.slots).length || Object.keys(f.slots).forEach(function (e) {
var t = f.slots[e],
r = e.split("|").slice(-1)[0],
n = function (e, t) {
for (var r = 0; r < e.length; r++) {
if (e[r].bidId === t) return e[r];
}
}(l.bidderRequests, r),
i = null;
"video" === t.sbi_ct && (i = "video"https://slate.com/,"outstream" === Object(y.deepAccess)(n, "mediaTypes.video.context") && (i = "outstream"));
var s,
o,
a,
c,
d,
u,
p,
b = j(i, v);
t.sbi_aid && t.sbi_mouse && t.sbi_size && (a = void 0 === (o = (s = h(t.sbi_size.split("x"), 2))[0]) ? 1 : o, d = void 0 === (c = s[1]) ? 1 : c, u = {
requestId: r,
cpm: Number(t.sbi_mouse),
width: Number(a),
height: Number(d),
ad: b(f.sbi_dc, t.sbi_aid),
ttl: 500,
creativeId: t.sbi_crid || t.sbi_aid,
aid: t.sbi_aid,
netRevenue: !0,
currency: "USD"
}, t.sbi_dozer && (u.dealId = t.sbi_dozer), "video" === i ? (u.mediaType = "video", u.vastUrl = b(f.sbi_dc, t.sbi_aid), delete u.ad, delete u.width, delete u.height) : "outstream" === i && n && (u.mediaType = "video", u.vastUrl = b(f.sbi_dc, t.sbi_aid), u.renderer = function (e, t) {
var r = 2 < arguments.length && void 0 !== arguments[2] ? arguments[2] : {},
n = g.a.install({
id: t.aid,
url: "https://mtrx.go.sonobi.com/sbi_outstream_renderer.js",
config: r,
loaded: !1,
adUnitCode: e
});
try {
n.setRender(O);
} catch (e) {
Object(y.logWarn)("Prebid Error calling setRender on renderer", e);
}
return n.setEventHandlers({
impression: function impression() {
return Object(y.logMessage)("Sonobi outstream video impression event");
},
loaded: function loaded() {
return Object(y.logMessage)("Sonobi outstream video loaded event");
},
ended: function ended() {
Object(y.logMessage)("Sonobi outstream renderer video event");
}
}), n;
}(n.adUnitCode, u, Object(y.deepAccess)(n, "renderer.options")), p = Object(y.deepAccess)(n, "params.sizes"), Array.isArray(p) && Array.isArray(p[0]) && (p = p[0]), p && (u.width = p[0], u.height = p[1])), m.push(u));
}), m;
},
getUserSyncs: function getUserSyncs(e, t) {
var r = [];
try {
e.pixelEnabled && t[0].body.sbi_px.forEach(function (e) {
r.push({
type: e.type,
url: e.url
});
});
} catch (e) {}
return r;
}
};
function f(e) {
return Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.video") ? "" : e.params.sizes ? Object(y.parseSizesInput)(e.params.sizes).join(",") : Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.banner.sizes") ? Object(y.parseSizesInput)(Object(y.deepAccess)(e, "mediaTypes.banner.sizes")).join(",") : e.sizes ? Object(y.parseSizesInput)(e.sizes).join(",") : void 0;
}
function m(e) {
return e.params.floor ? "|f=".concat(e.params.floor) : "";
}
var j = function j(i, s) {
return function (e, t) {
return "video" === i || "outstream" === i ? (r = t, n = s, "https://".concat(e, "apex.go.sonobi.com/vast.xml?vid=").concat(r, "&ref=").concat(encodeURIComponent(n))) : '‘;
var r, n;
};
};
var a = function a(e) {
var r = 0 < arguments.length && void 0 !== e ? e : window;
return function () {
var e = 0 < arguments.length && void 0 !== arguments[0] ? arguments[0] : 0,
t = 1 < arguments.length && void 0 !== arguments[1] ? arguments[1] : Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
return r.innerWidth >= e && r.innerWidth < t;
};
};
function v() {
var e = 0 < arguments.length && void 0 !== arguments[0] ? arguments[0] : window,
t = a(e),
r = 992,
n = 768;
return t(0, 768) ? "mobile" : t(n, r) ? "tablet" : "desktop";
}
function O(i) {
i.renderer.push(function () {
var e = h(i.getSize().split("x"), 2),
t = e[0],
r = e[1],
n = new window.SbiOutstreamRenderer();
n.init({
vastUrl: i.vastUrl,
height: r,
width: t
}), n.setRootElement(i.adUnitCode);
});
}
Object(n.registerBidder)(o);
}
}, [719]);
pbjsChunk([85], {
741: function _(e, r, t) {
e.exports = t(742);
},
742: function _(e, r, t) {
"use strict";
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value: !0
}), t.d(r, "spec", function () {
return n;
});
var a = t(1),
d = t(0),
p = 12,
o = 11,
c = 0,
u = 22,
n = {
code: "teads",
supportedMediaTypes: ["video"https://slate.com/,"banner"],
isBidRequestValid: function isBidRequestValid(e) {
var r,
t,
a = !1;
return void 0 !== e.params && (r = i(d.getValue(e.params, "placementId")), t = i(d.getValue(e.params, "pageId")), a = r && t), a || d.logError("Teads placementId and pageId parameters are required. Bid aborted."), a;
},
buildRequests: function buildRequests(e, r) {
var t = e.map(I),
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referrer: function (e) {
var r = "";
e && e.refererInfo && e.refererInfo.referer && (r = e.refererInfo.referer);
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}(r),
data: t,
deviceWidth: screen.width,
hb_version: "3.23.0"
};
e[0].schain && (a.schain = e[0].schain);
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s = r.gdprConsent;
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return a;
}(s.gdprApplies, s.vendorData, s.apiVersion) : u, a.gdpr_iab = {
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status: i,
apiVersion: s.apiVersion
}), r && r.uspConsent && (a.us_privacy = r.uspConsent), {
method: "POST",
url: "https://a.teads.tv/hb/bid-request",
data: JSON.stringify(a)
};
},
interpretResponse: function interpretResponse(e) {
var t = [];
return (e = e.body).responses && e.responses.forEach(function (e) {
var r = {
cpm: e.cpm,
width: e.width,
height: e.height,
currency: e.currency,
netRevenue: !0,
ttl: e.ttl,
ad: e.ad,
requestId: e.bidId,
creativeId: e.creativeId,
placementId: e.placementId
};
e.dealId && (r.dealId = e.dealId), t.push(r);
}), t;
}
};
function I(e) {
var r,
t = {},
a = d.getValue(e.params, "placementId"),
n = d.getValue(e.params, "pageId");
return t.sizes = (r = e, d.parseSizesInput(function (e) {
var r = d.deepAccess(e, "mediaTypes.video.playerSize"),
t = d.deepAccess(e, "mediaTypes.video.sizes"),
a = d.deepAccess(e, "mediaTypes.banner.sizes");
return d.isArray(a) || d.isArray(r) || d.isArray(t) ? [a, t, r].reduce(function (r, e) {
return d.isArray(e) && (d.isArray(e[0]) ? e.forEach(function (e) {
r.push(e);
}) : r.push(e)), r;
}, []) : e.sizes;
}(r))), t.bidId = d.getBidIdParameter("bidId", e), t.bidderRequestId = d.getBidIdParameter("bidderRequestId", e), t.placementId = parseInt(a, 10), t.pageId = parseInt(n, 10), t.adUnitCode = d.getBidIdParameter("adUnitCode", e), t.auctionId = d.getBidIdParameter("auctionId", e), t.transactionId = d.getBidIdParameter("transactionId", e), t;
}
function i(e) {
return 0 < parseInt(e);
}
Object(a.registerBidder)(n);
}
}, [741]);
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762: function _(r, e, t) {
"use strict";
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value: !0
}), t.d(e, "tripleliftAdapterSpec", function () {
return s;
});
var n = t(2),
i = t(1),
o = t(0),
u = t(3);
function p(r) {
return function (r) {
if (Array.isArray(r)) return d(r);
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if ("undefined" != typeof Symbol && Symbol.iterator in Object(r)) return Array.from(r);
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var t = Object.prototype.toString.call(r).slice(8, -1);
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throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to spread non-iterable instance.nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method.");
}();
}
function d(r, e) {
(null == e || e > r.length) && (e = r.length);
for (var t = 0, n = new Array(e); t < e; t++) {
n[t] = r[t];
}
return n;
}
var a = !0,
c = null,
s = {
code: "triplelift",
supportedMediaTypes: [n.b],
isBidRequestValid: function isBidRequestValid(r) {
return void 0 !== r.params.inventoryCode;
},
buildRequests: function buildRequests(r, e) {
var t,
n = "https://tlx.3lift.com/header/auction?",
i = function (r) {
var e = {},
t = r[0].schain;
e.imp = r.map(function (r, e) {
return {
id: e,
tagid: r.params.inventoryCode,
floor: r.params.floor,
banner: {
format: r.sizes.filter(l).map(function (r) {
return {
w: r[0],
h: r[1]
};
})
}
};
});
var n = [].concat(p(function (r) {
return f(r, "tdid"https://slate.com/,"adserver.org"https://slate.com/,"TDID");
}(r)), p(function (r) {
return f(r, "idl_env"https://slate.com/,"liveramp.com"https://slate.com/,"idl");
}(r)), p(function (r) {
return f(r, "criteoId"https://slate.com/,"criteo.com"https://slate.com/,"criteoId");
}(r)));
0 < n.length && (e.user = {
ext: {
eids: n
}
});
t && (e.ext = {
schain: t
});
return e;
}(r);
return n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "lib"https://slate.com/,"prebid"), n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "v"https://slate.com/,"3.23.0"), e && e.refererInfo && (t = e.refererInfo.referer, n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "referrer", t)), e && e.timeout && (n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "tmax", e.timeout)), e && e.gdprConsent && (void 0 !== e.gdprConsent.gdprApplies && (a = e.gdprConsent.gdprApplies, n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "gdpr", a.toString())), void 0 !== e.gdprConsent.consentString && (c = e.gdprConsent.consentString, n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "cmp_cs", c))), e && e.uspConsent && (n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "us_privacy", e.uspConsent)), !0 === u.b.getConfig("coppa") && (n = o.tryAppendQueryString(n, "coppa", !0)), n.lastIndexOf("&") === n.length - 1 && (n = n.substring(0, n.length - 1)), o.logMessage("tlCall request built: " + n), {
method: "POST",
url: n,
data: i,
bidderRequest: e
};
},
interpretResponse: function interpretResponse(r, e) {
var t = e.bidderRequest;
return (r.body.bids || []).map(function (r) {
return function (r, e) {
var t = {},
n = e.width || 1,
i = e.height || 1,
u = e.deal_id || "",
o = e.crid || "";
0 != e.cpm && e.ad && (t = {
requestId: r.bids[e.imp_id].bidId,
cpm: e.cpm,
width: n,
height: i,
netRevenue: !0,
ad: e.ad,
creativeId: o,
dealId: u,
currency: "USD",
ttl: 300,
tl_source: e.tl_source
});
return t;
}(t, r);
});
},
getUserSyncs: function getUserSyncs(r, e, t, n) {
var i = function (r) {
if (!r) return;
if (r.iframeEnabled) return "iframe";
if (r.pixelEnabled) return "image";
}(r);
if (i) {
var u = "https://eb2.3lift.com/sync?";
return "image" === i && (u = o.tryAppendQueryString(u, "px", 1), u = o.tryAppendQueryString(u, "src"https://slate.com/,"prebid")), null !== c && (u = o.tryAppendQueryString(u, "gdpr", a), u = o.tryAppendQueryString(u, "cmp_cs", c)), n && (u = o.tryAppendQueryString(u, "us_privacy", n)), [{
type: i,
url: u
}];
}
}
};
function f(r, e, t, n) {
return r.map((o = e, function (r) {
return r && r.userId && r.userId[o];
})).filter(function (r) {
return !!r;
}).map((i = t, u = n, function (r) {
return {
source: i,
uids: [{
id: r,
ext: {
rtiPartner: u
}
}]
};
}));
var i, u, o;
}
function l(r) {
return 2 === r.length && "number" == typeof r[0] && "number" == typeof r[1];
}
Object(i.registerBidder)(s);
}
}, [761]);
pbjsChunk([75], {
763: function _(e, r, t) {
e.exports = t(764);
},
764: function _(e, r, t) {
"use strict";
Object.defineProperty(r, "__esModule", {
value: !0
}), t.d(r, "spec", function () {
return v;
});
var m = t(0),
s = t(1),
o = t(10),
c = t(2),
f = "Bid from response has no auid parameter - ",
l = "Bid from response has no adm parameter - ",
p = "Array of bid objects is empty",
g = "Can't find in requested bids the bid with auid - ",
u = "Seatbid array from response has empty item",
y = "Response is empty",
b = "Response has empty seatbid array",
h = "Seatbid from response has no array of bid objects - ",
v = {
code: "trustx",
supportedMediaTypes: [c.b, c.d],
isBidRequestValid: function isBidRequestValid(e) {
return !!e.params.uid;
},
buildRequests: function buildRequests(e, r) {
var a,
o,
p = [],
u = {},
c = {},
f = {},
l = "net";
(e || []).forEach(function (e) {
"gross" === e.params.priceType && (l = "gross"), o = e.bidderRequestId;
var r = e.params.uid,
t = e.adUnitCode;
p.push(r);
var s,
n = m.parseSizesInput(e.sizes);
a || m.isEmpty(e.params.keywords) || (0 < (s = m.transformBidderParamKeywords(e.params.keywords)).length && s.forEach(E), a = s), c[r] || (c[r] = {});
var d = c[r];
d[t] ? d[t].bids.push(e) : d[t] = {
adUnitCode: t,
bids: [e],
parents: []
};
var i = d[t];
n.forEach(function (e) {
f[e] = !0, u[r] || (u[r] = {}), u[r][e] ? u[r][e].push(i) : u[r][e] = [i], i.parents.push({
parent: u[r],
key: e,
uid: r
});
});
});
var t = {
pt: l,
auids: p.join(","),
sizes: m.getKeys(f).join(","),
r: o,
wrapperType: "Prebid_js",
wrapperVersion: "3.23.0"
};
return a && (t.keywords = JSON.stringify(a)), r && (r.refererInfo && r.refererInfo.referer && (t.u = r.refererInfo.referer), r.timeout && (t.wtimeout = r.timeout), r.gdprConsent && (r.gdprConsent.consentString && (t.gdpr_consent = r.gdprConsent.consentString), t.gdpr_applies = "boolean" == typeof r.gdprConsent.gdprApplies ? Number(r.gdprConsent.gdprApplies) : 1), r.uspConsent && (t.us_privacy = r.uspConsent)), {
method: "GET",
url: "https://sofia.trustx.org/hb",
data: m.parseQueryStringParameters(t).replace(/&$/, ""),
bidsMap: u
};
},
interpretResponse: function interpretResponse(e, r, t) {
var s = 2 < arguments.length && void 0 !== t ? t : o.a;
e = e && e.body;
var n,
d = [],
i = r.bidsMap,
a = r.data.pt;
return e ? e.seatbid && !e.seatbid.length && (n = b) : n = y, !n && e.seatbid && e.seatbid.forEach(function (e) {
!function (e, d, r, t, s) {
if (!e) return;
var n;
e.auid || (n = f + JSON.stringify(e));
{
var i, a, o, p, u;
e.adm ? (i = d[e.auid]) ? (a = "".concat(e.w, "x").concat(e.h), i[a] && (o = i[a][0], p = o.bids.shift(), u = {
requestId: p.bidId,
bidderCode: v.code,
cpm: e.price,
width: e.w,
height: e.h,
creativeId: e.auid,
currency: "USD",
netRevenue: "gross" !== r,
ttl: 360,
dealId: e.dealid
}, "video" === e.content_type ? (u.vastXml = e.adm, u.mediaType = c.d, u.adResponse = {
content: u.vastXml
}, p.renderer || p.mediaTypes && p.mediaTypes.video && "outstream" !== p.mediaTypes.video.context || (u.renderer = function (e, r) {
var t = r.install({
id: e.id,
url: e.url,
loaded: !1
});
try {
t.setRender(w);
} catch (e) {
m.logWarn("Prebid Error calling setRender on renderer", e);
}
return t;
}({
id: p.bidId,
url: "https://acdn.adnxs.com/video/outstream/ANOutstreamVideo.js"
}, s))) : (u.ad = e.adm, u.mediaType = c.b), t.push(u), o.bids.length || o.parents.forEach(function (e) {
var r = e.parent,
t = e.key,
s = e.uid,
n = r[t].indexOf(o);
-1 < n && r[t].splice(n, 1), r[t].length || (delete r[t], m.getKeys(r).length || delete d[s]);
}))) : n = g + e.auid : n = l + JSON.stringify(e);
}
n && m.logError(n);
}(function (e) {
e ? e.bid ? e.bid[0] || m.logError(p) : m.logError(h + JSON.stringify(e)) : m.logError(u);
return e && e.bid && e.bid[0];
}(e), i, a, d, s);
}), n && m.logError(n), d;
},
getUserSyncs: function getUserSyncs(e) {
if (e.pixelEnabled) return [{
type: "image",
url: "https://sofia.trustx.org/push_sync"
}];
}
};
function E(e) {
var r;
r = e.value, m.isArray(r) && 0 < r.length && "" === e.value[0] && delete e.value;
}
function w(e) {
e.renderer.push(function () {
window.ANOutstreamVideo.renderAd({
targetId: e.adUnitCode,
adResponse: e.adResponse
});
});
}
Object(s.registerBidder)(v);
}
}, [763]);
pbjs.processQueue();
}, {}];
window.modules["via.legacy"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";
DS.service("via", function () {
"use strict"; // remove `via` from url, to be used after amplitude logs it to prevent users from sharing such urls
function removeFromLocation() {
var url = new URL(location.href);
url.searchParams.delete("via");
history.replaceState(null, "", url.toString());
} // and add `via` param to any outbound links
function addViaToUrl(href, via) {
if (!href || href.substr(0, 1) === "#") {
return href; // don't add to jumps on the current page, e.g. "Skip to main content"
}
var url = new URL(href);
var apexDomain = new URL(location.href).hostname.split(".").slice(-2).join(".");
if (url.hostname.indexOf(apexDomain) === -1) {
return href; // don't add it to external links
}
url.searchParams.set("via", via);
return url.toString();
} // keys correspond to "page_types" in editable_components.yml
var PREFIXES = {
article: "article",
homepage: "homepage",
"vertical front": "section",
"rubric front": "rubric"
};
var pageType;
function setPageType(amplitudePageType) {
pageType = PREFIXES[amplitudePageType];
}
var DELIMITER = "_";
function concatVia(node, via) {
var tag = node.dataset && node.dataset.via;
if (tag) {
via = (via.length ? tag + DELIMITER : tag) + via;
}
return via;
}
function addToClickedLinks() {
document.documentElement.addEventListener("click", function (e) {
var a;
var via = ""; // detect link nodes and collect via directives to append to the href
var node = e.target; // the element where this event originated may have been removed from the dom, e.g. in the case of the OIL CMP which disappears after you interact with it
while (node && node !== e.currentTarget) {
if (node.tagName === "A") {
a = node;
}
via = concatVia(node, via);
node = node.parentNode;
}
if (a && via) {
if (pageType) {
via = pageType + DELIMITER + via;
}
a.href = addViaToUrl(a.href, via);
}
});
}
function addToSubmittedForms() {
document.documentElement.addEventListener("submit", function (e) {
var form = e.target; // collect via directives
var via = "";
var node = e.target;
while (node !== e.currentTarget) {
via = concatVia(node, via);
node = node.parentNode;
}
if (via) {
if (pageType) {
via = pageType + DELIMITER + via;
} // dynamically create a hidden input for the form url
var input = document.createElement("input");
input.type = "hidden";
input.name = "via";
input.value = via;
form.appendChild(input);
}
});
} // start listening only once, when first injected
addToClickedLinks();
addToSubmittedForms();
return {
setPageType: setPageType,
removeFromLocation: removeFromLocation
};
});
}, {}];
window.modules["visibility.legacy"] = [function(require,module,exports){"use strict";
DS.service("$visibility", ["$document"https://slate.com/,"$window"https://slate.com/,"_throttle"https://slate.com/,"Eventify", function ($document, $window, _throttle, Eventify) {
var list = [],
Visible,
VisibleEvent;
/**
* @param {number} a
* @param {number} b
* @returns {*}
* @see http://jsperf.com/math-min-vs-if-condition-vs/8
*/
function min(a, b) {
return a < b ? a : b;
}
/**
* @param {number} a
* @param {number} b
* @returns {*}
* @see http://jsperf.com/math-min-vs-if-condition-vs/8
*/
function max(a, b) {
return a > b ? a : b;
}
/**
* Fast loop through watched elements
*/
function onScroll() {
list.forEach(updateVisibility);
}
/**
* updates seen property
* @param {Visble} item
* @param {{}} evt
* @fires Visible#shown
* @fires Visible#hidden
*/
function updateSeen(item, evt) {
var px = evt.visiblePx,
percent = evt.visiblePercent; // if some pixels are visible and we’re greater/equal to threshold
if (px && percent >= item.shownThreshold && !item.seen) {
item.seen = true;
setTimeout(function () {
item.trigger(“shown”, new VisibleEvent(“shown”, evt));
}, 15); // if no pixels or percent is less than threshold
} else if ((!px || percent < item.hiddenThreshold) && item.seen) {
item.seen = false;
setTimeout(function () {
item.trigger("hidden", new VisibleEvent("hidden", evt));
}, 15);
}
}
/**
* sets preload property
* @param {Visible} item
* @param {{}} evt
* @param {Number} innerHeight
* @fires Visible#preload
*/
function updatePreload(item, evt, innerHeight) {
if (!item.preload && item.preloadThreshhold && shouldBePreloaded(evt.target, evt.rect, item.preloadThreshhold, innerHeight)) {
item.preload = true;
setTimeout(function () {
item.trigger("preload", new VisibleEvent("preload", evt));
}, 15);
}
}
/**
* Trigger events
* @param {Visible} item
*/
function updateVisibility(item) {
var rect = item.el.getBoundingClientRect(),
innerHeight = $window.innerHeight || $document.documentElement.clientHeight,
px = getVerticallyVisiblePixels(rect, innerHeight),
percent = px / (rect.height || innerHeight),
evt = {
target: item.el,
rect: rect,
visiblePx: px,
visiblePercent: percent
};
updateSeen(item, evt);
updatePreload(item, evt, innerHeight);
}
/**
* Return normalized viewport height
* @return {number}
*/
function getViewportHeight() {
return $window.innerHeight || $document.documentElement.clientHeight || $document.body.clientHeight;
}
/**
* Return normalized viewport width
* @return {number}
*/
function getViewportWidth() {
return $window.innerWidth || $document.documentElement.clientWidth || $document.body.clientWidth;
}
/**
* make sure an element isn't hidden by styles or etc
* @param {Element} el
* @return {Boolean}
*/
function isElementNotHidden(el) {
return el && el.offsetParent !== null && !el.getAttribute("hidden") && getComputedStyle(el).display !== "none" && getComputedStyle(el).visibility !== "hidden";
}
/**
* Apparently the fastest way...
* @param {Element} el
* @returns {boolean}
* @example if (!$visibility.isElementInViewport(el)) { ... }
*/
function isElementInViewport(el) {
var rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
return rect.top >= 0 && rect.left >= 0 && rect.bottom <= ($window.innerHeight || $document.documentElement.clientHeight) && rect.right <= ($window.innerWidth || $document.documentElement.clientWidth);
}
/**
* @param {Element} el
* @param {ClientRect} rect
* @param {Number} preloadThreshhold
* @param {Number} innerHeight
* @return {Boolean}
*/
function shouldBePreloaded(el, rect, preloadThreshhold, innerHeight) {
return rect.top <= innerHeight + preloadThreshhold && isElementNotHidden(el);
}
/**
* Create a one-dimensional spacial hash of x
* @param {number} x
* @param {number} stepSize
* @param {number} optimalK
* @param {number} base
* @return {number}
*/
function getLinearSpacialHash(x, stepSize, optimalK, base) {
var index = Math.floor(x / (stepSize || 1)),
remainder = x % stepSize,
result = index.toString(base);
if (optimalK > 1) {
result += getLinearSpacialHash(remainder, Math.floor(stepSize / base), optimalK – 1, base);
}
return result;
}
/**
* @param {ClientRect} rect
* @param {number} innerHeight
* @returns {number}
*/
function getVerticallyVisiblePixels(rect, innerHeight) {
return min(innerHeight, max(rect.bottom, 0)) – min(max(rect.top, 0), innerHeight);
}
/**
* Get offset of element relative to entire page
*
* @param {Element} el
* @returns {{left: number, top: number}}
* @see http://jsperf.com/offset-vs-getboundingclientrect/7
*/
function getPageOffset(el) {
var offsetLeft = el.offsetLeft,
offsetTop = el.offsetTop;
while (el = el.offsetParent) {
offsetLeft += el.offsetLeft;
offsetTop += el.offsetTop;
}
return {
left: offsetLeft,
top: offsetTop
};
}
/**
* Create a new Visible class to observe when elements enter and leave the viewport
*
* Call destroy function to stop listening (this is until we have better support for watching for Node Removal)
* @param {Element} el
* @param {{shownThreshold: number, hiddenThreshold: number}} [options]
* @class
* @example this.visible = new $visibility.Visible(el);
*/
Visible = function Visible(el, options) {
options = options || {};
this.el = el;
this.seen = false;
this.preload = false;
this.preloadThreshhold = options && options.preloadThreshhold || 0;
this.shownThreshold = options && options.shownThreshold || 0;
this.hiddenThreshold = options && min(options.shownThreshold, options.hiddenThreshold) || 0;
list.push(this);
updateVisibility(this); // set immediately to visible or not
};
Visible.prototype = {
/**
* Stop triggering.
*/
destroy: function destroy() {
// remove from list
list.splice(list.indexOf(this), 1);
}
/**
* @name Visible#on
* @function
* @param {‘shown’|’hidden’} e EventName
* @param {function} cb Callback
*/
/**
* @name Visible#trigger
* @function
* @param {‘shown’|’hidden’} e
* @param {{}}
*/
};
Eventify.enable(Visible.prototype);
VisibleEvent = function VisibleEvent(type, options) {
var _this = this;
this.type = type;
Object.keys(options).forEach(function (key) {
_this[key] = options[key];
});
}; // listen for scroll events (throttled)
$document.addEventListener(“scroll”, _throttle(onScroll, 200)); // public
this.getPageOffset = getPageOffset;
this.getLinearSpacialHash = getLinearSpacialHash;
this.getVerticallyVisiblePixels = getVerticallyVisiblePixels;
this.getViewportHeight = getViewportHeight;
this.getViewportWidth = getViewportWidth;
this.isElementNotHidden = isElementNotHidden;
this.isElementInViewport = isElementInViewport;
this.Visible = Visible;
}]);
}, {}];
require=(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require==”function”&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error(“Cannot find module ‘”+o+”‘”);throw f.code=”MODULE_NOT_FOUND”,f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require==”function”&&require;for(var o=0;o
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